Protracted spawning of St Lawrence River northern pike (Esox lucius): simulated effects on survival, growth, and production

An individual‐based early life history model demonstrated that the timing and distribution of St Lawrence River northern pike (Esox lucius) spawning could affect subsequent young‐of‐year (YOY) production during nursery and influence year‐class formation. Three different spawning patterns have emerged from empirical studies, where egg deposition occurred along the entire littoral gradient beginning in seasonally flooded emergent habitats in tributaries, progressing to submerged aquatic vegetation in shallow bays, and ending in deep water littoral habitats (up to 6 m). The spawning period is protracted, and typically lasts 6–8 weeks due to the presence of a strong thermal gradient. The model used temperature as the driving variable to predict egg abundance, stage‐specific development, growth, survival, and ultimately relative production of YOY northern pike within 1‐ha plots representative of the three habitats. Earlier spawning (mean 21 days) and higher mean daily survival and growth yielded higher YOY net production for tributaries (mean = 3095.4 g ha−1, SD = 2028.6) relative to the shallow bay habitat (202.5 g ha−1, SD = 125.7). In contrast, deep littoral habitat represented an ecological sink with little production (<0.9 g ha−1). The results demonstrate the importance of the linkage between spawning and nursery processes in determining reproductive success.