In situ molecular detection of ischemic cells by enhanced protein direct electron transfer on a unique horseradish peroxidase–Au nanoparticles–polyaniline nanowires biofilm

To overcome shortcomings of the ex situ approaches, in situ detection using H(2)O(2) molecules to diagnose ischemia through enhanced protein direct electron transfer on a unique horseradish peroxidase-Au nanoparticles-polyaniline nanowires biofilm is demonstrated and it is discovered that the extracellular H(2)O(2) molecule released per ischemic cell is 2.7-times of that of a normal cell.