Oxygen-plasma-generated CuO x nanoparticles enhanced the carriers injection from indium−tin oxide (ITO) anode into organic materials. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the CuO x nanoparticles appeared as high-ordered nanotip arrays on substrates. Those nanoparticles induced strong field-emission current. The analysis by X-ray diffraction pattern and Fourier transform infrared spectrum demonstrated that CuO x was actually of a mixture of copper and copper oxides (CuO, CuO 2, CuO 3, and CuO 4 ).
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Hu et al. (2004) studied this question.
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