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With the consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs) and portable product markets growing, design of battery packs can challenge the designer because they are no longer a simple configuration of cells. They could contain many safety features, intelligence, energy aware models and selective batteries feeding the host product, serial data communication, and even recycling suggestions. In all these situations, a simple concept which should be kept in mind by designers is that batteries are like human beings, and they need care and intelligence.
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Nihal Kularatna (2011) studied this question.
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