Aralia continentalis kitagawa Extract Attenuates the Fatigue Induced by Exhaustive Exercise through Inhibition of Oxidative Stress

Figures

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  Figure 1. HPLC analysis of chlorogenic acid in the AC extract. HPLC was performed to determine the composition of chlorogenic acid in AC. The contents of chlorogenic acid were analyzed in (A) standard solution and (B) AC water extract. HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract.

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  Figure 2. AC extract treatment enhanced the exercise duration of rats during exhaustive swimming. Exhaustion time was measured in rats after AC-pre-treatment for three weeks (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract.

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  Figure 3. AC extract attenuated changes in energy metabolism-related serum biomarkers from exhaustive swimming. Serum levels of (A) glucose, (B) TG, and (C) lactate were measured in rats after AC pre-treatment for three weeks (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Cont, control; Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract; TG, triglyceride.

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  Figure 4. AC extract ameliorates metabolic acidosis due to exhaustive swimming. The blood levels of (A) pH, (B) HCO3-, (C) pO2, and (D) pCO2 were determined in rats after AC-pre-treatment for three weeks (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Cont, control; Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract; HCO3−, bicarbonate; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen; pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

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  Figure 5. AC extract ameliorated exhaustive swimming-induced muscle injury. The serum levels of (A) CK and (B) UA were measured in rats after AC pre-treatment for 3 weeks (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. Cont, control; Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract; CK, creatine kinase; UA, uric acid.

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  Figure 6. AC extract suppressed exhaustive swimming-induced apoptosis in gastrocnemius muscle. (A) Western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl-2, pro-, and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression levels in rats after AC pre-treatment for 3 weeks. (B) The protein expression levels were quantified by scanning densitometry. β-actin was used as the loading control. Western blot analysis was performed in triplicate with three independent samples. Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Cont, control; Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract.

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  Figure 7. AC extract attenuated oxidative stress induced by exhaustive swimming. The serum levels of (A) LDH, (B) MDA, (C) SOD, and (D) GSH were measured in rats after AC pre-treatment for three weeks (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Significance was measured using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Cont, control; Veh, vehicle-treated; 60, 120, and 180 AC, 60, 120, 180 mg/kg AC extract-treated groups, respectively. AC, Aralia continentalis kitagawa extract; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione.