Traditionally there are two separate and independent systems of water management in the lower Mekong Basin: one at the level of the productive, profane farmer and one at the level of the theocratic superstructure. Both systems were quite sophisticated in the past. However, there was no connection between the two, and the water management schemes of the theocratic superstructure did not contribute to agricultural production in a technical sense.
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W. J. van Liere (1980) studied this question.
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