Distilling the essence of TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs): A call for securing mechanistic specificity and experimental rigor

Using realistic sham stimulation, we have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces significant off-target excitation of the peripheral nervous system, even when applying state-of-the-art procedures to attenuate peripheral co-activation [1]. The peripherally evoked potentials (PEPs) strongly resembled TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) [1]. Our study prompted a letter to the editor in the Brain Stimulation journal, signed by many researchers using TEP recordings [2]. While Belardinelli et al.