Nucleation and growth of single crystals with uniform crystallographic orientation inside alumina nanopores

Single crystal rods, having nanometer-size diameter, were grown with uniform crystallographic orientation inside a matrix of alumina nanopores. The fabrication process of this nanocomposite structure consists of several stages. First, a highly dense array of alumina pores (about 1011cm−2 and an average diameter of about 35nm) is prepared by an electrochemical anodization process of pure Al substrate. Then, the pores are filled with a liquid solution aided by the pores’ capillary forces. Finally, the temperature of the liquid solution is slightly decreased to a supersaturated state where precipitation starts only at the pore bottom. The nucleation preference at the pore bottom is explained thermodynamically based on the contact angle, geometrical parameters of the nucleus, surface curvature, and pore diameter. In each pore the nucleus is grown to a single crystal that completely fills its volume. The crystallographic orientation of the single crystals inside the pores can be controlled by temperature and composition during growth. The nucleation and growth processes in the alumina nanopores are demonstrated with Rochelle salt (NaKC4H4O6∙4H2O) and potassium nitrate (KNO3).