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The science of in vitro studies has advanced dramatically over the last 100 years, particularly in regards to their application in toxicology. Recent developments such as in vitro three-dimensional cultures and microphysiological systems have offered the promise of even greater replication of in vivo function. Nonetheless, the challenge of validating a system's performance and extrapolating it's responses to those of an animal or human remains
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William B. Mattes (2020) studied this question.
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