Key result
Hypertension is linked to ~80% higher odds of CKD in Panama, alongside age and prior MI.
Why the study?
The magnitude of chronic kidney disease in Panama had not been described, and national mortality trends were unknown.
Cross-Sectional (n=3,590)
Yes
Odds Ratio: 1.8 (95% CI 1.2–2.7)
CKD affects 12% of the studied Panamanian population and is strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors like hypertension and prior MI.
CKD associations with cardiovascular exposures in Panama are hypothesis-generating; leaves open causal inference and prevention targets pending longitudinal data.
Introduction The magnitude of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Panama has yet to be described. We investigated the association between sociodemographic and cardiovascular exposures with CKD in 2 Panamanian provinces. Further, we analyzed national trends of CKD mortality from 2001 to 2014. Methods Data were derived from Prevalencia de Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiovascular (PREFREC [Survey on Risk Factors Associated With Cardiovascular Disease]), a cross-sectional study designed to analyze the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Biomarkers of kidney function were measured in 3590 participants. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and/or albuminuria ≥30 mg/g creatinine. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD were calculated using logistic regression. We calculated age-standardized CKD mortality rates in the country using the National Mortality Register. Annual percentage change and 95% CIs were estimated to evaluate the trends over time. Results The prevalence of CKD was 12% (reduced eGFR: 3.3%; albuminuria; 9.9%). CKD was associated with hypertension (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2−2.7), age 60 years or older (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2−2.9), and previous myocardial infarction (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0−5.7), whereas monthly family income was inversely associated with CKD (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.1−0.9) (adjusted). A sustained increase in the trend of CKD mortality was observed from 2001 to 2006, followed by a decreasing trend in subsequent years. Coclé province had the highest adjusted mortality rate. Discussion CKD poses a significant health problem for Panama. Health inequalities and an increase of cardiometabolic risk factors warrant robust epidemiological surveillance, improved diagnosis, and treatment. Further national studies aimed to address geographical disparities are necessary.
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Velásquez et al. (2017) conducted a cross-sectional in Chronic Kidney Disease (n=3,590). Hypertension vs. No hypertension was evaluated on Chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albuminuria ≥30 mg/g creatinine) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Panama was 12%, and it was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2-2.7), age ≥60 years, and previous myocardial infarction.
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