The morphology of interpenetrating continuous skeletons is promising to attain the best property combination of ceramic and metal phases in interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). The conditions to obtain good ceramic/metal bonding in the composite are discussed. Advances in IPC synthesis and properties as of 2025 are reviewed, with an emphasis on processes employing additive manufacturing and spark plasma sintering.
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Tarasova et al. (2025) studied this question.
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