Word frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and imageability were combined with spelling-sound consistency, and their effects on word naming were examined. Frequency and AoA interacted with consistency (Experiments 1 and 2). Imageability did not (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 replicated Experiment 2 of E. Strain, K. E. Patterson, and M. S. Seidenberg's (1995) study and obtained the same apparent effect of imageability on naming. That effect disappeared when AoA was entered as a covariate. An explanation of the interactions of consistency with frequency and AoA is offered in terms of the properties of adaptive connectionist networks given gradual and cumulative training.
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Monaghan et al. (2002) studied this question.
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