XRD, XRF, FTIR, zeta potential, and SEM revealed black sand's photocatalytic properties and mechanism of MB adsorption. The findings demonstrate black sand filtration plus UV irradiation as a feasible, sustainable technology for removing dyes and organics from wastewater. This method has promise for the scale-up treatment of textiles and other industrial effluents.
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Wagdy et al. (2024) studied this question.
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