Precision square waves synthesized by programmable Josephson voltage standards for induced voltage compensation in a Joule balance

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A programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) can be used to generate a precision square wave for induced voltage compensation to measure the mutual inductance between the coils in a joule balance. In this paper, the influence of the transitions between quantized voltages in the synthesized square waves is analyzed in detail. The ratio of the time-integrated value of the transitions to the total waveform is reduced to several parts in 10 4 to improve the measurement accuracy. The influence of different configurations of the integrating digitizer is discussed. The result shows that when the voltages are in a quantum state, the time-integrated agreement between the measured and theoretical differences for two PJVS systems is within 4 × 10 −9 V s V −1 s −1 . For the total time integration of a voltage waveform larger than 2 V s, the combined relative uncertainty is less than 5.9 × 10 −8 V s V −1 s −1 . The result confirms the capability of the PJVS to generate a precision square wave for the joule balance.