Effects of Supervised Exercise Therapy on Muscle Function During Walking in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. Muscle forces for (A) combined ankle plantar flexors, (B) lateral gastrocnemius, (C) medial gastrocnemius, and (D) soleus during the stance phase. (E–H) represent the muscle powers for the combined ankle plantar flexors, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, and soleus, respectively, during the stance phase. The dark solid line and the dark dotted line represent the average muscle force/power at the baseline and post-exercise sessions, respectively. The grey solid lines and the grey dotted lines represent one standard deviation from the average values. Shaded red and shaded yellow regions indicate small and medium size effects, respectively, determined by Cohen’s d values. Shaded grey regions between standard deviation lines indicate a significant difference in muscle force/power variance between the baseline and post-exercise sessions (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 2. Muscle forces for (A) combined knee extensors and (B) combined knee flexors during the stance phase. (C,D) represent the muscle powers for the combined knee extensors and the combined knee flexors, respectively, during the stance phase. The dark solid line and the dark dotted line represent the average muscle force/power at the baseline and post-exercise sessions, respectively. The grey solid lines and the grey dotted lines represent one standard deviation from the average values. Shaded red and shaded yellow regions indicate small and medium size effects, respectively, determined by Cohen’s d values. Shaded grey regions between standard deviation lines indicate a significant difference in muscle force/power variance between the baseline and post-exercise sessions (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 3. Muscle forces for (A) combined hip abductors, (B) combined hip adductors, and (C) combined hip external rotators during the stance phase. (D–F) represent the muscle powers for the combined hip abductors, the combined hip adductors, and the combined hip external rotators, respectively, during the stance phase. The dark solid line and the dark dotted line represent the average muscle force/power at the baseline and post-exercise sessions, respectively. The grey solid lines and the grey dotted lines represent one standard deviation from the average values. Shaded red and shaded yellow regions indicate small and medium size effects, respectively, determined by Cohen’s d values. Shaded grey regions between standard deviation lines indicate a significant difference in muscle force/power variance between the baseline and post-exercise sessions (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 4. Muscle forces for (A) combined hip extensors and (B) combined hip flexors during the stance phase. (C,D) represent the muscle powers for the combined hip extensors and the combined hip flexors, respectively, during the stance phase. The dark solid line and the dark dotted line represent the average muscle force/power for the baseline and post-exercise sessions, respectively. The grey solid lines and the grey dotted lines represent one standard deviation from the average values. Shaded red and shaded yellow regions indicate small and medium size effects, respectively, determined by Cohen’s d values. Shaded grey regions between standard deviation lines indicate a significant difference in muscle force/power variance between the baseline and post-exercise sessions (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 5. Total metabolic rate across stance for patients with peripheral artery disease. The dark solid line and the dark dotted line represent the average metabolic rate at the baseline and post-exercise sessions, respectively. The grey solid lines and the grey dotted lines represent one standard deviation from the average values. Shaded red, shaded yellow, and shaded green regions indicate small, medium, and large size effects, respectively, determined by Cohen’s d values. Shaded grey regions between standard deviation lines indicate a significant difference in variance between the baseline and post-exercise sessions (p < 0.05).