Metastability and Synchronizers: A Tutorial

Metastability can arise whenever a signal is sampled close to a transition, leading to indecision as to its correct value. Synchronizer circuits, which guard against metastability, are becoming ubiquitous with the proliferation of timing domains on a chip. Despite the critical importance of reliable synchronization, this topic remains inadequately understood. This tutorial provides a glimpse into the theory and practice of this fascinating subject.