Influence of the Work Function of Chemically Modified Indium–Tin–Oxide Electrodes on the Open-circuit Voltage of Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells

To understand the origin of the open-circuit voltage of heterojunction photovoltaic (HJ-PV) cells with small-molecular-weight organic thin films, HJ-PV cells with ITO/donor (20 nm)/fullerene (40 nm)/bathocuproine (10 nm)/Al were studied using three kinds of donors and four types ITOs with different work functions.