Determination of Fusarium mycotoxin exposure in humans based on urine samples, using One Health approach

The role of mycotoxins has been recognized in the etiology of a number of human diseases. Therefore, biomonitoring of human mycotoxin exposure is very important. One of the possible ways to do this is the urinary biomarker-based exposure determination. Over the past few decades, such studies have been conducted in many countries around the world on volunteers of different ages, genders, and eating habits, although these studies do not always use the same measurement, and calculation methods. This review focuses on the most important fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM), T-2, and HT-2 toxins). Because of the presence of mycotoxins in the environment-feed-food chain, One Health strategies should be adopted for the prevention of their exposure.