Scale and structure dependent drag in gas–solid flows

Drag plays a crucial role in hydrodynamic modeling and simulations of gas–solid flows, which is significantly affected by particle Reynolds number, solid volume fraction, heterogeneity, granular temperature, particle‐fluid density ratio, and so on. To clarify and quantify the multiscale effects of these factors, large‐scale particle‐resolved direct numerical simulations of gas–solid flows with up to 115,200 freely moving particles are conducted. Both domain‐averaged kinetic properties and local averaged dimensionless drag are sampled and analyzed. It is revealed that the complex scale‐dependence of drag is attributed to the multiscale effects of heterogeneous structures and particle fluctuating velocity. The granular temperature and the scalar variance of solid volume fraction are also found to be scale‐dependent. On account of these, a new drag correlation as the function of Froude number is proposed with consideration of scale‐dependence.