Cadmium and lead accumulate in the deciduous teeth of children with celiac disease or food allergies

Hard tooth tissue (enamel, dentin, and root cement) consists of several minerals, with calcium being the main macro-mineral. Minerals of physiologic importance as well as toxic metals can bioaccumulate in the calcified tissues, i.e., teeth and bone tissues [ 1 ]. Hard tooth tissues are distinguished by their limited ability to release accumulated elements into systemic fluids. Therefore, teeth provide ideal biological samples for the evaluation of long-term environmental exposure to toxic metals. The mineral and metal contents of teeth reflect their overall content in the whole body [ 2 , 3 ].