Systemic Venous Anomalies

The persistence or regression of venous segments of the primitive venous network during embryologic development can cause developmental venous anomalies. Systemic venous anomalies and variants are rare, often found incidentally, and usually asymptomatic. Venous variants can be isolated or associated with congenital heart disease and sometimes can be mistaken for masses or lymphadenopathy. Recognizing these anomalies helps avoid unnecessary imaging and treatment. Knowledge of variant venous anatomy is crucial before procedures such as central catheter placement and cardiothoracic surgery to prevent complications. Preoperative imaging enables the accurate mapping of vascular structures, ensuring proper surgical planning. Hence, evaluation of venous structures should be included in the radiologist's search pattern. This article reviews venous anomalies of systemic veins and their clinical relevance.