Application of Process Mapping to Identify Nonvalue-Added Activities Associated with Formwork Labor in Reinforced Concrete Foundation Construction: A Lean Construction Study from India

Formwork handling and assembly significantly contribute to the time and cost of reinforced cement concrete. The performance of construction workers associated with formwork impacts the overall time–cost–quality performance of formwork activity. The application of process mapping (PM) tools helps identify and eliminate nonproductive tasks associated with formwork activity. A site observation-based study is conducted along with interviews with workmen and site engineers who supervised the work. The use of the PM tool helps to identify and categorize the different tasks undertaken by workers. This study observes that many nonproductive activities were undertaken by workers. Through a consultative process with concerned site officials, improvements in activities are identified and mapped using a PM tool. The elimination of nonproductive tasks leads to improved overall progress in the activity. This study is limited to formwork activities. The formwork material considered is plywood.