T≡M Theory — Time Is Motion: Cosmological Expansion as the Root Tick

T≡M (Time ≡ Motion) proposes that time is not an independent entity but identical to universal motion, with cosmological expansion — represented as accumulated expansion Θ = ln(a/a₀) — as the root tick. Local motions exist as nested motions within that root tick, and clocks are read as internal motion counts rather than measurements of an external container. Version 2.2 adds postulate T≡M-4 (closure): not every motion constitutes proper time, only one that closes on itself. This is what gives the identity its content. Its first consequence is that a motion that does not close accumulates no proper time, which corresponds to the zero proper time along null trajectories in special relativity. The version also adds an explicit refutation criterion, distinguishing tests of the premise from bounds on the residual parameter. The weak, testable branch is kept in its v2.1 drift form, with the first numerical bound on the differential residual, |Δε_R| ≲ 10⁻⁸. New caveats state that the known local effect of expansion on bound systems is a static offset rather than a cumulative drift, also under quantum treatment, so ε_R should not be read as wear; and that the two-factor structure of the observable matches the standard phenomenology of coupled light scalars, where the per-species coefficient lacks an independent determination. A universal residual remains unobservable in frequency ratios and is flagged as such.