Solid-State Lithium-Glass Batteries: Suppressing Dendrite Formation via Nanoscale Atomic Layer Deposition

The imperative global transition toward electrified transportation, grid-scale renewable energy storage, and long-duration aerospace systems is fundamentally constrained by the energy density ceiling and safety vulnerabilities of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Conventional architectures utilizing liquid organic carbonate electrolytes and graphite intercalation anodes are asymptotically approaching their theoretical gravimetric energy density limit (~300 Wh/kg) while presenting severe flammability and catastrophic thermal runaway risks. Replacing graphite with a pure metallic lithium anode offers a transformative theoretical specific capacity of 3,860 mAh/g and the lowest electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode); however, metallic lithium deployment has historically been precluded by non-uniform electrodeposition, mossy lithium morphology, and microscopic dendritic filament penetration that pierces cell separators and induces dead-short catastrophic failure. This paper presents a groundbreaking solid-state battery architecture combining a barium-doped amorphous lithium-glass solid electrolyte (Li3-2xBaxClO) with an ultra-thin, pinhole-free protective interfacial artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) synthesized via vapor-phase Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Depositing an atomic-scale 5-nanometer conformal aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layer directly onto pristine metallic lithium establishes a high-surface-energy, electronically insulating, yet super-ionically conductive Li-Al-O interfacial phase upon initial electrochemical lithiation. The amorphous nature of the lithium-glass eliminates crystallographic grain boundaries—the primary kinetic pathway exploited by lithium dendrite nucleation in crystalline ceramic solid electrolytes—while the conformal ALD nanocoating homogenizes the local electric field and imposes nanoscale mechanical confinement exceeding the Monroe-Newman shear modulus threshold. Prototype electrochemical testing and finite-element electro-chemo-mechanical simulations demonstrate that this architecture sustains critical current densities exceeding 15 mA/cm² at 25°C, enables 10-minute ultra-fast recharge cycles (6C rate capability), delivers a gravimetric cell-level energy density of 820 Wh/kg, and retains 94.2% capacity over 10,000 continuous full-depth-of-discharge cycles without dendritic shorting. Primary Deliverables included in this deposit:• Primary Academic Treatise (44 Pages, PDF & DOCX)• Formal Hindi Translation (Devanagari, PDF & DOCX)• Formal Marathi Translation (Devanagari, PDF & DOCX)• Comprehensive Scientific Novelty and Peer-Review Defense Dossier (PDF & DOCX)