Factors associated with body condition and ocular pathologies in draft horses in the Rufisque department, Senegal.

Background: Horses play a fundamental role in transport and production systems in sub-Saharan Africa. They are subjected to draft work that directly impacts their body condition and general health. Objective: This study was conducted in the Rufisque department to identify factors associated with body condition and ocular pathologies in draft horses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 200 horses. Data collected covered individual characteristics, working conditions, feeding practices, and health management. Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify associated factors. Results: The results show that a significant proportion of horses exhibited poor body condition (40%). Age and type of work were significantly associated with the body condition score (BCS); animals aged 10–15 years were at higher risk of poor condition (OR = 4.15; p < 0.001), as were those involved in water transport (OR = 3.46; p = 0.002). Regarding ocular pathologies, significant associations were found with age, body condition, changes in physiological parameters, veterinary consultation, and vaccination. Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of age, working conditions, and health management practices in the health of draft horses. It underscores the need to promote the welfare of draft horses in Senegal to ensure better performance during their use.