Regional assessment of household energy decision-making and technology adoption in the United States

To meet climate goals, significant reductions in residential building greenhouse gas emissions are necessary. Individual and household decisions regarding appliances and building technologies influence residential energy use. To investigate household energy behavior and technology choice, we created and analyzed a robust household survey (10,000 US residents) focused on resident preferences, motivations for changes, barriers, and household energy decisions. Regional differences emerged in preferences, motivations, and energy decisions, with the West dominating in overall adoption of decarbonization technologies. Reducing harmful health and environmental impacts were key motivators in the West. Primary fuel infrastructure was a driver for HVAC, water heating, and kitchen technology choices, although opportunities emerged for increased decarbonization-friendly technology uptake in southern regions with existing electric infrastructure. Kitchen preferences and upgrades revealed opportunities for decarbonization programs to focus on kitchens. Program participation rates are low (9%) and were lowest in the Southeast and Central Southwest (∼7%). To narrow the large gap between willingness and actual adoption of decarbonization technologies (40%), we recommend integrating regional themes into messaging to increase program participation rates and key technology uptake nationally.