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Reducing Black Carbon (BC) emissions can deliver immediate climate change mitigation benefits and improve air quality. While the transportation sector has made significant progress in lowering soot emissions, motorcycles remain less regulated despite their disproportionately high contribution relative to their size, partly due to the lack of suitable measurement instrumentation. This study presents the application of a novel optoacoustic (optA) BC sensor on motorcycles, capable of capturing transient exhaust emissions with high temporal resolution. The optA sensor is integrated into a Smart Emission Measurement System (SEMS) that also measures CO 2 , CO, and NO. The system was validated against commercial instruments on a chassis dynamometer and showed strong correlation for all pollutants (R 2 ≥ 0.75) during a Real Driving Cycle (RDC). Its compact design enables installation on L-category vehicles for on-road testing. We present the first Real Driving Emission (RDE) results for BC from motorcycles under real-world driving conditions. Emission patterns from transient operating conditions are analyzed, emphasizing the importance of fast response and wide dynamic range in BC measurement. Finally, we derive indicative on-road emission factors for the tested Euro 5 motorcycles. This case study establishes a measurement framework toward improved emission inventories and emphasizes the need for broader fleet characterization.
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Raptis et al. (2026) studied this question.
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