Among 200 members of Narcotics Anonymous (NA), those who had been off drugs and in contact with NA for longer tended to have lower trait anxiety and higher self-esteem scores, the relationship in each case being approximately linear. Those abstinent for longer than about three years had levels of anxiety and self-esteem similar to those in a comparison group of 60 students.
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Christo et al. (1994) studied this question.
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