Subgenual Cingulate Functional Connectivity Predicts Neuromodulation Response in Depression: A Systematic Review

Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) may predict response to neuromodulation in major depressive disorder (MDD). We conducted a systematic review of studies examining pre-treatment sgACC rsFC and subsequent neuromodulation outcomes in adults (18–70 years) with MDD. Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO were searched from inception to May 2, 2025 (PROSPERO: CRD420251038212). The primary outcome was the association between pre-treatment sgACC rsFC and change in depressive symptoms. Study quality was assessed using National Institutes of Health tools and established neuroimaging quality checklists. Reported sgACC coordinates were classified descriptively by analytic role; no inferential coordinate-based meta-analysis was performed. Twenty-two studies (N = 1366 participants) met inclusion criteria. Greater baseline sgACC–right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rsFC was associated with reduced symptom improvement in some studies, whereas stronger sgACC–medial orbitofrontal cortex rsFC was associated with greater improvement. Associations were reported most often in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies, particularly with individualized targeting, but several studies were null. Reported sgACC coordinates were predominantly investigator-defined seed or region-of-interest locations and were not treated as response-associated peaks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodological quality was adequate (mean = 16.1/20, range 13–18). Pre-treatment sgACC–prefrontal rsFC may help predict neuromodulation response in MDD, particularly in rTMS studies using individualized targeting. However, findings were heterogeneous, and the available coordinate evidence did not support inferential spatial-convergence analysis. Larger prospective studies are needed to establish reproducibility and clinical utility.