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During recent years developments for electron-beam ion sources (EBIS) in the classic mode of operation were continued. Additionally, studies of EBIS in the reflection mode of operation were begun. This mode of operation leads to the formation of a dense electron string, where electron current flows in a radial direction across the magnetic field of a solenoid. This string is used for production of highly charged ions in RefEBIS.
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Evgeni D. Donets (1996) studied this question.
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