Fireflies (Coleoptera; Lampyridae) are parasitized by Diptera (Phoridae, Tachinidae), mites and nematodes.Predator literature is largely anecdotal and speculative-luminescence and chemicals might deter certain predators, and luminescence may attract others.Fireflies are distasteful to some lizards!birds, and mammals.Predators that possibly specialize on fireflies are certain birds (Caprimulgidae, Nyctibiidae), spiders (Lycosidae, Araneidae), certain anoles (Iquanidae) and frogs.Female Photuris spp.fireflies are specialized predators of luminescent male fireflies ( Photuris , Photinus, Pyrcictomenci).
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James E. Lloyd (1973) studied this question.