The problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling is currently one of the most important environmental and technological challenges. It was shown that the carbonization and torrefaction of wood waste briquettes according to the developed innovative technology enables a new approach for life cycle assessment of waste from megacities, the forestry industry, and agriculture. Key technological, environmental, and energy challenges caused by the environmental pollution from various waste are discussed, and innovative solutions to develop technologies at various levels are proposed to take into account the principles and approaches of circular biotechnology.
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Akim et al. (2026) studied this question.
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