Isospin nonequilibrium in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

The equilibration of the isospin degree of freedom in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions was studied using an isospin-dependent BUU model. It is found that there exists a transition from the isospin equilibration at low energies to nonequilibration at high energies as the beam energy varies across the Fermi energy in central, asymmetric, heavy-ion collisions. At beam energies around 55 MeV/nucleon the composite system is in almost complete thermal equilibrium but isospin nonequilibrium breaks up into two primary hot residues with N/Z ratios closely related to those of the target and projectile, respectively. The decay of these forward-backward moving residues results in the strong isospin asymmetry in space and the dependence of the isotopic composition of fragments on the N/Z ratios of the target and projectile. These features are in good agreement with those found recently in experiments at NSCL/MSU and TAMU; implications of these findings are discussed.