The flexible generation of electrical energy is heavily dependent on hydropower. Advanced control systems may offer an enhanced operational security. During power system disturbances, a generator may need to operate beyond its limits to maintain a stable operation. This increased performance can be obtained if the total thermal capacity of the generator is exploited by applying optimal control theory in the automatic voltage regulator. A low-order model is required for online implementation and prediction of critical thermal stresses in the machine. Periodic extension of the generator capability diagram has been historically overlooked. In this paper, a thermal network for air-cooled hydrogenerators for use in real-time monitoring and optimal control is proposed and validated. The thermal model is extended with a heat exchanger model. The dynamic model is developed from an energy balance of the system and verified through finite-element method (FEM) simulations and temperature measurements in a case study. Transient simulation results of the online low-order model are in good agreement with measurements. Finally, a satisfactory simulator speed is obtained which confirms the feasibility of this approach in real-world applications.
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Øyvang et al. (2018) studied this question.
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