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A meta-analysis review of literature addresses concerns such as inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles in the meta-analysis and seeks potentially biasing effects of sample size and characteristics, measurement of variables, type of design, and analytic techniques. Whereas the narrative review of literature provides direction by identifying potential variables and relationships of concern, meta-analysis quantifies those relationships by integrating findings and providing explicit direction for research, practice, and theory development. Despite its strengths for quantitatively integrating study results, meta-analysis is time consuming, labor intensive, and may omit other sources such as case studies, historical and qualitative research, and clinical decision making.
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Engle et al. (1990) studied this question.
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