Structure matters in solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, demonstrated for TiO2 coated onto designed three-dimensional (3-D) carbon nanofiber scaffolds. Performance enhancement of up to three times compared to flat films can be mostly attributed to structurally-enhanced carrier collection and photon management processes. Using 3-D templates to balance light absorption depth and carrier collection can lead to a new class of high efficiency and cheap energy conversion devices.
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Pint et al. (2011) studied this question.
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