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We review the basic principles and results of a formulation of quantum-electrodynamics based on the self-energy of the electron, rather than quantized fields. The applications include relativistic spontaneous emission rates, the effect of cavities on Lamb-shift, spontaneous emission and Casimir-Polder forces. We also review the relativistic two-body equations including radiative processes with applications to hydrogen, muonium and positronium spectra.
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A. O. Barut (1988) studied this question.
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