On 3 December 1872, before a packed assembly of the Society of Biblical Archaeology - thesitting Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, among the political and ecclesiasticaldignitaries - the self-taught cuneiform decipherer George Smith read his translation of Tablet XIof the Epic of Gilgamesh. When he reached the bird sequence of the Babylonian deluge, the roomfell into stunned silence: the Noah narrative of Genesis was not a unique, pristine revelationdelivered to Moses at the dawn of time but an adaptation of a pagan Mesopotamian blueprintwritten centuries earlier. This paper argues that the flood was only the first front of a largeroperation. The foundational narratives of Genesis - the Garden, the Flood, Babel, the birth ofMoses - are a systematic appropriation of older Mesopotamian literature (Gilgamesh, Atrahasis,Adapa, the Sargon legend, the Code of Hammurabi), executed not by copying alone but bymoral inversion: the knowledge, self-awareness, technology, and civic life that Mesopotamiacelebrated as human ascent are recast as cosmic crimes, and natural mortality is recast asinherited guilt. That inversion - the doctrine of Original Sin - is the initiating anomaly of thepresent investigation.
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A.W. Mitchell (2026) studied this question.
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