Balancing hydropower development and ecosystem conditions: a One Health perspective on socio-ecological challenges around the Gilgel Gibe I Hydroelectric Dam, Ethiopia

Hydropower plays an important role in Ethiopia’s energy development, but limited evidence is available on the socio-ecological conditions around hydropower dams. Using a One Health perspective, this study aimed to: (i) describe environmental, human, and animal health conditions around the Gilgel Gibe I Hydroelectric Dam; (ii) explore how local activities interact with ecosystem conditions; and (iii) assess stakeholder efforts to address environmental and social concerns. An exploratory cross-sectional rapid assessment was conducted on August 19 to 31, 2024. Data were collected through field observations, key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD), and a review of relevant secondary sources. The Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Exposure, Effects, and Actions (DPSEEA) framework examined environmental pressures, ecosystem changes, and responses. Quantitative trends were summarized descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The Gilgel Gibe I Hydroelectric Dam provides important benefits, including contributions to national energy production and support for local ecosystem services such as fisheries, food security, and ecotourism. Several potential risks were identified through field observations and participant reports, including deforestation, soil erosion, pollution from waste disposal and agricultural runoff, unsustainable resource use, and observed habitat and environmental changes. Participants and key informants also reported changes in livelihoods, including farming, livestock production, and income-generating activities, as well as perceived changes in biodiversity. The assessment identified deficiencies and management challenges, including limited physical demarcation and enforcement of the designated buffer zone, inadequate land-use management, weak institutional coordination, and limited community participation. These findings highlight areas where improved coordination, participation, and adaptive management may support long-term socio-ecological sustainability. Sustainable hydropower requires balancing energy production with environmental, community, and governance needs. Community participation, coordination, and continued environmental monitoring are important for addressing socio-ecological challenges.