Buoyant convection resulting from dissolution and permeability growth in vertical limestone fractures

Upward flow through vertical fractures in limestone formations under a geothermal gradient favors dissolution and permeability growth. We investigate the transition from conductive and forced convective regimes to instability and buoyant convection as a result of permeability growth. The onset time for instability and roll height at onset depend on the initial aperture and driving pressure. A modified Rayleigh number criterion is proposed, which provides a unified interpretation of the instability across a wide range of initial aperture and driving pressure. Interaction between buoyant convection and aperture alteration leads to narrow upward flow paths supporting dissolution and precipitation in surrounding downward flow regions.