Green synthesis of graphene-coated sand (GCS) using low-grade dates for evaluation and modeling of the pH-dependent permeable barrier for remediation of groundwater contaminated with copper

In this study, a green method of synthesizing graphene-coated sand (GCS) employing low-grade Iraqi dates was elucidated. The GCS was used as a cost-effective and efficient reactive material in a pH-dependent reactive barrier. Besides, this study also endeavored to construct a Freundlich-based adsorption isotherm, to mimic the adsorption effects induced by the pH. It was utilized as a correlation between the Freundlich isotherm constants (KF & N) and the values of initial pH of the aqueous solution and then combined with the advection–dispersion equation to mimic the influence exerted by the initial pH on the different possibilities of pollutant transport.