Glutamine Metabolism in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy represents a crucial adaptive response of the heart to various physiological and pathological stimuli, with metabolic reprogramming serving as the core mechanism driving this process. In recent years, the role of glutamine metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy has garnered increasing attention. This review systematically elucidates the similarities and differences in glutamine metabolism between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy, with a focus on the dual role of glutamine metabolism in regulating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy: it has a protective effect by maintaining energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress, while simultaneously contributing to the hypertrophic process by promoting anabolic metabolism and exacerbating metabolic remodeling. The subsequent analysis delved into the specific mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, focusing on the functions of key metabolic enzymes and transporters that collectively govern glutamine flux and its downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, we explore the intricate interplay between glutamine metabolism and lipid metabolism, which plays a pivotal role in cardiac energy homeostasis and hypertrophic development. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting glutamine metabolism as a therapeutic strategy, highlighting the novel therapeutic prospects of glutamine supplementation in cardiac diseases. In summary, as a key component of metabolic reprogramming in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, glutamine metabolism offers deeper insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. Future interventions targeting the glutamine metabolic pathway could prevent and treat pathological cardiac hypertrophy.