Cognition attenuates the relationship between insufficient subjective energy and lower physical activity differentially across European regions

Background Previous evidence suggests that higher cognitive performance may buffer the negative effects of insufficient subjective energy availability (SEA) on physical activity (PA) engagement. However, regional differences in opportunities, social norms, and contextual demands across Europe may influence this relationship, indicating that the interplay between SEA, cognition, and PA may not be universal.Objectives To investigate whether cognitive performance moderates the association between SEA and PA in Europeans aged 50+, and to explore potential differences across the four European regions (West, North, South, and East).Methods We analyzed data from 50,607 adults aged 50 years and older across 20 European countries participating in the SHARE study.Results Insufficient SEA was consistently associated with lower moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), whereas higher cognitive performance was associated with higher MVPA levels. Cognitive performance attenuated the negative association between SEA and PA across all regions, though the strength of moderation varied, being strongest in Northern Europe and weakest in Eastern Europe.Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of considering cognitive performance, perceived energy availability, and regional context when designing strategies to promote PA in older adults.