InResKolArno_SCO: An Efficient Plant Disease Classification Framework for IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture

This study proposes a hybrid approach for plant disease classification, integrating Swarm Cray Optimization (SCO) with the InResKolArno, a deep learning model, to address challenges like environmental sensitivity, high computational demands, and limited resources in IoT environments. The process begins with collecting a plant disease recognition dataset, followed by image preprocessing steps such as nearest neighbor interpolation and normalization to improve quality. Disease regions are isolated using color-based thresholding for segmentation. Feature extraction is carried out using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), specifically VGG16 and GoogLeNet, to extract high-level leaf features. The InResKolArno classifier, enhanced by SCO (a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization and Crayfish Optimization), is employed to categorize the leaves into three classes: healthy, rust, and powdery mildew. This method improves classification accuracy and reduces data transmission costs in IoT-based precision farming systems. The proposed model achieves high performance with an accuracy of 99.41% and a Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 99.69%, identifying plant diseases in just 28 seconds. This hybrid model provides superior computational efficiency, making it suitable for real-time deployment in smart farming applications, effectively identifying plant diseases for early intervention and better crop management.