Energy-efficient cluster-based routing in VANET assisted by hybrid jellyfish and beluga optimisation and fault tolerance

VANET clustering solves scalability issues while fortifying the network and extending its lifespan. The following phases are included in the developed work on Energy-Efficient Cluster-based Routing (EECR) and Fuzzy-Topsis (FT) in VANET: Cluster head selection, routing and fault tolerance are the first three. Initially, the Hybrid Shuffled Shepherd Namib Beetle Optimisation Algorithm (HSS-NBO) method, which is centred on the prior work, is used to pick the cluster heads. Then, using the created Combined Jellyfish Beluga Whale Optimisation (CJ-BWO) model, routing is done as efficiently as possible while taking into account limitations such as security, trust, delay, quality of service, energy and connection quality (RSSI). Then, as a prerequisite for energy-efficient processing, the intermediate node forwarding mechanism is applied for void handling. In case of occurring faults, it is tolerated by initially detecting the faults and then proposing a recovery phase with a proxy agent Road Side Unit (RSU) deployed.