Deep cryogenic pretreatment–annealing regulates cold-rolling defect inheritance in a Ti/Nb/C-microalloyed CoCrFeNi-based HEA, resulting in the coexistence of retained deformation defects, twin-related interfaces, and (Ti,Nb)C carbides.The homogenized, deep-cryogenically pretreated, cold-rolled, and 973 K-annealed alloy (HCRDA973) achieves 1421.2 MPa strength, 31.9% elongation, and 540.04 MJ m −3 static tensile toughness at 77 K.
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Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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