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We implemented a simplified method considering rocking stiffness to evaluate displacements and stresses in single piles subjected to horizontal ground displacements in two-layered soils. In the simplified method, the distributions of ground displacements are approximated by a third-order polynomial curve from the viewpoint of practical use. We compared calculation results from the simplified method with those from three-dimensional finite element analyses by assuming several soil and pile models to investigate the applicability of the method. This comparison revealed that the simplified method could capture the displacements and stresses in single piles relatively easily, including the vicinity of the layer boundary.
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Nakagawa et al. (2026) studied this question.
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