Architecting the human-centric factory: analyzing the relationship between cognitive control units and operational antifragility in Industry 5.0

Purpose This study examines how cognitive control units (CCUs), human-machine mutual trust (HMMT), cognitive load reduction (CLR) and agentic production protocols (APPs) are associated with operational antifragility (OA) in Industry 5.0 manufacturing environments. It also tests CLR as a mediator and APPs as both a direct antecedent and a moderator. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from qualified key informants in 215 large manufacturing firms using Industry 5.0 technologies across five South Asian countries. The hypothesized mediation and moderation relationships were tested with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, collinearity, model fit, predictive relevance and effect sizes were assessed. Findings CCUs and HMMT were positively associated with CLR but had no significant direct associations with OA. CLR fully mediated both relationships, identifying cognitive optimization as the principal mechanism through which technological and relational capabilities relate to antifragility. APPs were positively associated with OA and strengthened the positive CLR–OA relationship. Originality/value Integrating cognitive load theory with sociotechnical systems theory, the study shifts attention from automation intensity to the cognitive and governance mechanisms that enable human-machine systems to benefit from disruption. It identifies cognitive load reduction as the link between cognitive control, calibrated trust, and OA, while showing that structured autonomy converts cognitive benefits into system-level antifragility. Evidence from South Asian manufacturers extends Industry 5.0 research beyond its predominant Western and East Asian settings.