Magnesium depletion score and its association with risk of cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major global health concern, with magnesium being essential for heart health. Deficiency, influenced by factors like kidney disease, alcohol use, and medications, worsens outcomes. The Magnesium Depletion Score (MDS) serves as a valuable tool for predicting deficiency and assessing its effects on CVD prognosis and mortality. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review and meta-analysis examined the link between the Magnesium Depletion Score (MDS) and cardiovascular mortality. Data from five databases were screened, extracted, and assessed for bias. Statistical analysis utilized a random-effects model, calculating risk ratios and heterogeneity to evaluate MDS’s impact on cardiovascular outcomes. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis included nine U.S.-based observational studies with 40,627 adults. Findings indicated that an increasing Magnesium Depletion Score (MDS) was linked to higher cardiovascular mortality: MDS=1 (HR=1.48), MDS=2 (HR=2.07), and MDS>2 (HR=3.77). While heterogeneity varied, some publication bias was noted, particularly in studies examining higher MDS levels. Conclusion: This meta-analysis highlights a strong link between higher Magnesium Depletion Scores (MDS) and increased cardiovascular mortality. MDS may serve as a useful indicator of CVD risk, emphasizing the need for further studies on magnesium’s role in heart health and disease prevention.