Recent advances of nanoparticle-based detoxification approaches for chemical warfare agents, biological toxins and viruses

Adverse consequences caused by chemical warfare agents, biological toxins and viruses threaten public health, causing high mortality worldwide. Traditional antidotes including small-molecule inhibitors, antiserum therapy, and monoclonal antibodies suffer from narrow detoxification spectra, considerable adverse effects, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticles, by virtue of their multifunctional potential and broad applicability, are emerging as a promising foundation for detoxification strategies. Nanoantidotes can efficiently sequester toxic agents in vivo or transform them into biologically unavailable forms. Moreover, they can be engineered to load antidotal drugs or be surface-functionalized to enhance toxin affinity and organ-specific targeting. This review summarizes recent advances in nanoparticle-based detoxification strategies, covering the development of lipid-based, polymer-based, MOF-based, and cell-membrane-based nanoantidotes, and their therapeutic applications against chemical warfare agents, biological toxins and viruses. Collectively, nanoparticle-based detoxification strategies represent a versatile and potent platform that is expected to drive future innovation in antidotal therapy.